考古学所见三国文化
The Culture of the Three Kingdoms Revealed by Archeological Research
杨泓 中国社会科学院考古研究所
Yang Hong, Archeology Institute of the ChineseAcademyof Social Sciences
东汉末年的黄巾起义导致东汉王朝名存实亡，也标志着高度兴盛的秦汉文化的终结。当时地方上的群雄相互征伐。曹操挟汉天子以令诸侯，统一北方。而在长江以南，孙权与刘备结盟。建安十三年(208年)，曹军与孙刘联军发生“赤壁之战”，曹军失利，从此奠定了天下三分的态势。公元265年，魏灭蜀，又为晋所取代。公元280年晋灭吴，中国重归统一。历史上一般将晋取代魏的泰始元年(265年)作为三国结束的年代。因此历史上正式界定的三国只是公元220 年至265年。但一般认为三国时期应从东汉建安年间直到吴灭亡，大致延续了一个世纪之久。
The Yellow Turban Uprising towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty made it exist in name only and marked the end of the flourishing Qin and Han culture. At that time, local warlords fought against each other. Controlling the Han emperor and ordering the feudal princes in his name,Cao Caounified northChina. To the south of the Yangtze, Sun Quan formed an alliance with Liu Bei. In AD 208 (the 13th year of Jian'an), China was divided into three kingdoms afterCao Cao'stroops were defeated by the allied forces of Sun and Liu in the Battle of Red Cliff. In 265, theKingdomofWeioverthrew theKingdomofShubefore it was replaced by the Jin Dynasty. In 280,Chinawas reunited after Jin overthrew theKingdomofWu. In history, the year 265 (the first year of Taishi), when Jin replaced Wei, is generally considered the end of the Three Kingdoms period, which is thus defined as the period from AD 220 to 265. However, the period is more widely believed to have lasted as long as a century, from the Jian'an Period in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the collapse of Wu.
遗留至今的三国历史遗迹和遗物众多，最重要的是曹魏的邺城。其特征主要有下述几点：一、城中宫殿区集中到城内北部中央位置；所占面积明显小于两汉时期。外朝与内朝并列，出现纵贯全城的中轴线。二、居民的里坊区占城内南半部及东北角，近全城二分之一的面积，开中国古代封闭式里坊制城市之先声。三、邺城西北部分构筑的三台，不仅为园林观赏，更起着军事制高点的作用。总体看来，曹魏邺城宫殿的退缩和民居里坊的发展，纵横街道和中轴线的出现，对以后的都城平面布局有深远影响。
There are plenty of historical remains and relics from the Three Kingdoms period, and the most important of them is the City of Ye of theCao Weiperiod. It has the following characteristics:
1) The palace was at the center of the northern part and covered much smaller an area than any palace during the Han Dynasty. The outer court and the inner court were side by side, and there was a central axis across the city.
2) The residential blocks were in the southern half and the northeast corner, covering nearly a half of the city, which wasChina's first enclosed city with residential blocks.
3) The three pavilions built in the northwest not only served for landscaping but also as military commanding heights.
Generally speaking, the recession of the palace, the expansion of the residential blocks and the appearance of crisscross streets and a central axis had far-reaching influence on the design of the plans of capitals in later times.
曹魏时期社会生活中另一项重大的变化是帝王力主薄葬，东汉时皇帝贵族特殊殓服“玉衣”被彻底废弃。在邺城附近一直没有发现任何曹操陵墓的线索。
Another major social change during theCao Weiperiod was the imperial advocacy of simple burial and the complete abolishment of the jade suit reserved for the emperor and the aristocrats during the Eastern Han Dynasty. No clues aboutCao Cao'stomb have been found in the vicinity of Ye.
曹魏节葬之风对江南吴地的影响极小，身份地位高的死者葬于具有前堂和后室，前堂左右或有小耳室，墓门前有较短的甬道，前接长斜坡墓道的大型砖室墓，其形制明显受北方魏墓影响。其中湖北鄂州孙将军墓最大，全长达9．03米。孙吴墓葬中的随葬品，以青瓷器为主，除日用器皿外，有各种模型明器如城堡、庖厨用具、家禽家畜及圈厩等。大型墓中还常放置名刺木简、木谒，还有买地铅券，铜器，精美的漆器，以及铜弩机、铁刀等兵器，或放入大量铜钱。朱然墓是孙吴墓厚葬的典型代表，虽遭盗掘，尚残存随葬遗物140余件，最引人注目的是大批精美的绘彩漆器。此外，在孙吴墓葬的随葬遗物中，还出现有与佛教有关的图纹，陶瓷的谷仓罐(魂瓶)等器上常贴塑坐佛像，莲溪寺吴墓还出有佛教图纹的铜带饰。
Cao Wei'strend of economical burial had precious little influence on the Wu region to the south of the Yangtze. In Wu, a prestigious person would be buried in a large brick tomb with a front hall possibly flanked by small rooms, a back chamber, and a short path in front of the door connected to a long sloping path. The shape of such tombs shows unmistakable influence from Wei tombs in the north. The largest of them is the tomb of General Sun inEzhou,Hebei, which has a total length of 9.03 meters. Objects buried in Wu tombs are dominated by celadon. Besides articles for everyday use, there are funerary models of castles, cooking utensils, poultry, livestock, sties and stables. Large tombs were often found to contain wooden visiting cards, title deeds, bronzeware, exquisite lacquerware, and such weapons as bronze crossbows and iron swords, or plenty of copper coins. The tomb of Zhu Ran is typical of Wu tombs with expensive buried objects. Though it has been visited by grave robbers, there remain 140-odd buried objects, the most attractive among them being a large quantity of exquisitely painted lacquerware. Besides, images and designs related to Buddhism have been found among buried objects in Wu tombs. Images of sitting Buddha are frequently found to be attached to ceramic barn-shaped jars (soul jars), and bronze belt ornaments with Buddhist images have been unearthed from the Wu tomb in Lianxisi.
曹魏节葬之风同样对蜀汉影响不大。蜀汉墓葬盛行多室崖墓，随葬品丰盛，有大量陶俑和陶楼等模型。
The trend did not have much influence on theKingdomofShueither, where cliffside tombs with multiple chambers were prevalent. They abound in buried objects, including plenty of pottery figurines and pottery models of towers.
考古发掘出土的三国文物以青瓷器、铜镜和兵器最值得注意。
The most noteworthy among the cultural relics from the Three Kingdoms period unearthed by archeologists are celadon, bronze mirrors and weapons.
首先看青瓷器。由原始瓷器向瓷器的转化是在东汉晚期。考古发掘表明，浙江境内的三国时瓷窑，已普遍采用龙窑烧瓷。孙吴时期的青瓷器，过去有少量传世品。考古工作发现了大量的青瓷。在南京市赵士冈孙吴墓中出土的赤乌十四年(251年)的青瓷虎子。有甘露元年(265年)铭文的青瓷熊灯和一对青瓷卧羊尊同出于南京市清凉山孙吴墓中，是孙吴青瓷器中的佳作。在南京雨花台长岗村5号吴墓出土的一件青釉壶上以褐彩描画出羽人、瑞兽，仙草与祥云，外罩青黄色釉，更表明当时已经掌握了烧制釉下彩的工艺。大量制工精致的孙吴青瓷器的出土，表明瓷器已成为人们日常生活中必不可少的用具。
First let's look at celadon. The transition from primitive porcelain to porcelain in the real sense of the term took place in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Findings of archeological excavations show that 'dragon kilns' were widely used for making porcelain inZhejiangduring the Three Kingdoms period. While there was only a small amount of celadon of the Wu period handed down from the past, archeologists have discovered a large quantity of celadon. A celadon huzi dating from 251 (the 14th year of Chiwu) was unearthed from a Wu tomb at Zhaoshigang inNanjing. A bear-shaped celadon lamp with an inscription dating it to the first year of Ganlu (AD 265) and a pair of sheep-shaped celadon zun, masterpieces among Wu celadon, were found in a Wu tomb at Qingliangshan,Nanjing. Furthermore, the blue-glazed pot unearthed from Wu Tomb 5 at Changgang Village, Yuhuatai, Nanjing, painted in brown with a winged man, an auspicious beast, immortal grass and auspicious clouds and coated with bluish yellow glaze, shows that technique of making under-glaze decoration had been mastered at that time. The discovery of plenty of fine Wu celadon shows that porcelain was already indispensable in everyday life.
再看青铜镜。中原地区的铜镜制造业与汉代相比，呈现出衰微的态势。但江南吴地的铜镜铸造业十分兴盛，制镜的地点集中在当时的吴县(今江苏省苏州)、山阴(今浙江省绍兴)和武昌(今湖北省鄂州)，除了铸造自东汉以来流行的盘龙镜、夔凤镜、方格规矩镜等旧式铜镜外，大量铸造的是更为精美的各种花纹复杂、构图多变的神兽镜和画像镜。有的铜镜还采用佛像作为装饰。
Next let's look at bronze mirrors. Bronze mirror production was less prosperous than it had been in the Han Dynasty in the Central Plains, but it was thriving in the Wu region to the south of the Yangtze. It was concentrated in Wu County (the presentSuzhouinJiangsu), Shanyin (the present Shaoxing inZhejiang) and Wuchang (the present Ezhou inHubei). Besides old-fashioned mirrors fashionable since the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as those with coiled dragons, phoenixes and checkers, more exquisite mirrors with divine animal images and portraits, which had complicated designs and diverse compositions, were made in large quantities. Some mirrors were decorated with Buddha images.
最后要注意的是三国时期的兵器。虽然当时社会经济凋敝，但是为了取得战争的胜利，各国都极力关注钢铁冶炼技术的进展，特别是将“百炼钢”的技术应用于刀剑的制作，曹操、曹丕父子都曾亲自参与制作百炼钢刀。孙权也曾制作过许多名贵的刀剑。诸葛亮在前代可以一次发射多矢扣“连弩”的基础上进行改革，“谓之元戎”。三国时期的兵器主要是钢铁制造的戟、矟、矛、刀、剑和箭镞，还有装在木弩臂上的青铜弩机。长戟和长矟都是当时骑兵的主要格斗兵器。三国时已有人和战马都披有铠甲的重装骑兵，其明光铠、黑光铠、两当铠和环锁铠都是当时新类型，对后来晋至南北朝时期铠甲的发展有很大影响。
Finally we need to pay attention to weapons of the Three Kingdoms period. Despite the general poverty, all the kingdoms were greatly concerned about the development of iron and steel smelting techniques, especially the application of repeatedly refined steel to the making of swords.Cao Caoand his sonCao Pipersonally took a hand in making such swords, and Sun Quan also fashioned a number of precious swords. Zhuge Liaang improved the repeating crossbow, which could shoot multiple arrows at once, and called it 'Yuanrong'. The major weapons in the Three Kingdoms period were the halberd, the long spear, the lance, the saber, the sword and the arrowhead, all made of iron, and the bronze crossbow machine mounted in wooden arms. The long halberd and the long spear were the major combat weapons of the cavalry. There was already armored cavalry in which both men and horses were armored. The mingguang armor, the heiguang armor, the liangdang armor and the huansuo armor were the new types, which had much influence on the development of armor from the Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
在各地吴墓出土的铜带具、铜镜和青瓷器皿的装饰纹样中，常常可以看到有关佛教艺术的图纹。例如在湖北省武昌吴墓中发现过饰有佛像的铜带具，在湖北省鄂州、江苏省南京等地发现过用佛像作图纹的铜镜、青瓷器和陶器。这说明佛教在江南地区早已流行，但起初人们对佛像还缺乏像后世那样的崇敬，随意把它作为装饰图纹。东晋以后，随着佛教进一步发展，佛像就不再用作装饰纹样。
Images related Buddhist art are frequently seen among decorative designs on bronze belt parts, bronze mirrors and celadon vessels unearthed from Wu tombs in various places. For instance, bronze belt parts with Buddhist images were found in a Wu tomb inWuchang,Hubei, and bronze mirrors, celadon articles and pottery articles with Buddha images were found inEzhou,HubeiandNanjing,Jiangsu. This shows that Buddhism had already been spread to the south of the Yangtze, where Buddha images were not so highly revered as they would be later and were casually used for decoration. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with the further development of Buddhism, such images ceased to be used for decoration.
三国时期，是秦汉盛世结束并向隋唐盛世的过渡阶段。其间战争不断，发生了许多在中国古代战争史中堪称经典的战例，如 “官渡之战”、“赤壁之战”、“夷陵之战”等等。不仅在军事史研究中占有重要位置，而且战争的进程极具故事性、也吸引着普通百姓的注意力。这一时期历史名人辈出。曹操一人集政治家、军事家、文学家于一身。其子曹丕、曹植也以诗文著称，三曹与孔融等“建安七子”都是建安时期(196～219年)文学的代表人物。蜀丞相诸葛亮更被后人视为智慧人物的代表，蜀将关羽则被后人视为武圣。至于三国时期的贤臣和勇将，更是数不胜数，仅“赤壁之战”一次战争中登场的人物，除曹操、刘备、孙权外，孙吴有周瑜、张昭、鲁肃、黄盖；刘备军中有诸葛亮、关羽、张飞、赵云；以及曹营的张辽、曹仁等众多名将。因此在正史以外，三国故事更受到历代民众的喜爱。在宋代民间文艺的“小说”、“讲史”中，三国故事就是主要的题材，出现了讲史类话本《三国志平话》。在艺人的讲史中，三国志的历史事迹日趋故事化，最后到元末明初形成《三国志通俗演义》。从此三国故事广泛流传，家喻户晓，更被编成各种地方戏曲，以致普通百姓对三国人物的认识概出于小说戏曲。在明清直至近代的文物中，大量出现依据小说戏曲创作的三国故事的绘画和雕塑作品。特别是民间喜爱的年画、剪纸中，三国故事长久流传不衰，具有极强的艺术生命力。
The Three Kingdoms period marked the transition from the heyday of Qin and Han to the heyday of Sui and Tang. It saw continual wars and battles that became classic in the history of ancient Chinese wars, such as the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Red Cliff, and the Battle of Yiling. The wars are important subjects in the study of military history and, being dramatic, appeal to ordinary people. The period also saw the appearance of great historic figures.Cao Caowas politician, strategist and man of letters rolled into one. His sonsCao PiandCao Zhiwere also known for their literary achievement. The 'seven leading writers of the Jian'an Period (196-219)', including the Caos and Kong Rong, were leading literary figures during the period. Zhuge Liang, prime minister of Shu, has been considered representative of wise men. Guan Yu, a general of Shu, is called 'the Martial Sage'. Besides them, there are numerous prominent statesmen and valiant warriors. In the Battle of Red Cliff alone, apart fromCao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan, there were Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Lu Su and Huang Gai from Wu, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun in Liu Bei's army, and Zhang Liao andCao Renin Cao's camp. Therefore, besides 'orthodox history', stories about the Three Kingdoms have been popular throughout the ages. They were a major subject matter in folk oral art during the Song Dynasty, when there appeared San Guo Zhi Ping Hua (Popular Stories based on The History of the Three Kingdoms), a historical script for story-telling. Historical facts in The History of the Three Kingdoms were made more and more dramatic by story-tellers until the appearance of The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms during the turn from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Since then, stories about the Three Kingdoms have been so widely spread and well-known in the form of fiction and opera that these have become the only sources for ordinary people to know anything about historical figures of the period. A great many paintings and sculptures about such stories based on fiction or opera exist among cultural relics dating from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the modern times. In particular, such stories have been an enduring subject matter in New Year pictures and paper-cuts favored by the folk.
论曹魏邺城遗址与铜雀三台遗迹
The Site of the City of Ye of theCao Wei Periodand the Ruins of the Three Pavilions
朱岩石 中国社会科学院考古研究所
Zhu Yanshi, Archeology Institute of theChineseAcademyof Social Sciences
邺城遗址位于河北省临漳县。邺城遗址包括邺北城和邺南城，大体呈“日”字型结构。邺北城也称曹魏邺城，先后是曹魏(204～265)、后赵(335～350)、冉魏(350～352)、前燕(357～370)的国都。邺南城又称东魏北齐邺城，是北魏分裂后东魏(534～550)、北齐(550～577)王朝的首都。建筑于邺北城西城墙之上的铜雀三台遗迹，是曹操在东汉末年所建的三个宏伟的高台建筑，现在邺城遗存几乎消失殆尽，惟有三台中的金虎、铜雀二台屹立于漳河之滨。
The site of the City of Ye is located inLinzhang County,Hebei. It consists of a northern part and a southern part, with a layout resembling the Chinese character 日. The northern part, also called theCaoWeiCityof Ye, was successively the capital ofCao Wei(204-265), the Later Zhao Dynasty (335-350), Ran Wei (350-352), and the Former Yan Dynasty (357-370). The southern part, also called the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi City of Ye, was the capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-550) and the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577) after the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty. On the west city wall of the northern part are the ruins of three imposing pavilions built byCao Caotowards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. All the remains of the city are gone except two of the pavilions, Golden Tiger and Bronze Bird, standing by theZhangRiver.
一
One
曹魏邺城建于建安九年(204年)，考古勘探发掘工作始于1983年，逐渐发现确认了邺城遗址的城墙、城门、道路、宫殿、水渠、城壕等遗迹。勘探出的曹魏邺城东西2400 至2620米，南北1700米，城墙系夯土筑成，宽约15～18米。
TheCaoWeiCityof Ye was built in 204, the 9th year of Jian'an. Its archeological excavation began in 1983, and such remains as the city wall, the city gates, roads, the palace, the canal and the moat have been discovered and identified. The city has been found to measure 2,400 to 2,620 meters from the east to the west and 1,700 meters from the north to the south. The wall, built of rammed earth, has a width of 15 to 18 meters.
曹魏邺城突出了全城中轴线的地位。邺城呈规整的长方形，正南城门中阳门位居南城墙正中，中阳门内大道直抵宫城正南门，向北直线延伸建筑有宫城正殿文昌殿，上述重要的建筑物和道路以点线构成了曹魏邺城的中轴线。都城中轴线规划思想的形成及其实践标志着中国古代都城进入了一个新时期，在中国古代都城发展史上具有划时代的意义。
The city gave prominence to the central axis. It is in the shape of a regular rectangle. Zhongyang Gate, the gate in the due south, was in the middle of the south wall. Within the gate was a broad road leading straight to the south central gate of the palace and extending north to Wenchang Hall, the principal hall of the palace. The road and these major structures form the central axis of the city. The conception of the central axis of a capital and its application marked the beginning of a new era for ancient Chinese capitals as a milestone in the history of their development.
曹魏邺城确立都城中单一宫城的制度。曹魏邺城之前的都城，如西汉长安城、秦咸阳城等都是多宫城，长安城中的宫城面积占去整个都城面积的三分之二。曹操规划建设的宫城位于邺城北半区的中部，由于宫城正南门和文昌殿坐落在全城中轴线上，全城中轴线也是宫城的中轴线，既突出了全城中轴线的重要性，同时也把单一宫城更加有机地纳入到整个都城规划之中。单一宫城制度一经确立，中国历代王朝的都城规划无一改变。
The city established the rule of a single palace in the capital. Each of the previous capitals, such as the Chang'an of the Western Han Dynasty and Xianyang of the Qin Dynasty, had more than one palace, the palaces in Chang'an covering two thirds of its area. The palace planned and built byCao Caowas at the center of the northern half. The location of the central south gate of the palace and Wenchang Hall on the city's central axis, which was also the central axis of the palace, highlighted the axis and better integrated the single palace into the plan of the entire capital. Once established, the rule of a single palace in the capital was never changed in later dynasties.
区划规整功能有别的设计理念得到充分地体现。在中轴线以外，从东城门建春门到西城门金明门的东西大道是曹魏邺城唯一的东西大道，其北半区居中的是宫城，宫城之东有相宫署区，东北隅是贵族居住区，东城之西是皇家园林区。南半区分布有里坊。曹魏邺城内共发现了六条主要大道，其中东西向大道一条（宽17米），南北向大道五条（宽13米）。形成垂直交叉的交通网络系统。
The design concept of neatly planned areas with different functions was well applied. Besides the central axis, the street from Jianchun Gate in the east and Jinming Gate in the west was the only east-west streetin the city. At the center of the northern half was the palace. To the east of the palace were government offices, in the northeast corner was the residential area of aristocrats, and to the west of the east side of the city was an imperial garden. There were residential blocks of common people in the southern half. Six major streets have been discovered in the city. One of them ran from east to west and was 17 meters wide, while the rest ran from north to south and were 13 meters wide each. These formed a crisscross traffic network.
中轴线规划思想、单一宫城制度、空间功能分区的设计理念为之后的中国历代都城规划所沿袭，足见曹魏邺城影响的深远。
The far-reaching influence of the city was indicated by the fact that the concept of the central axis, the single-palace rule and the functional division into areas were followed in the planning of the capitals of the later dynasties.
二
Two
曹魏邺城的铜雀台、金虎台和冰井台也有特点。
The Bronze Bird Pavilion, the Golden Tiger Pavilion and the Icy Well Pavilion in theCaoWeiCityof Ye were also special.
铜雀台建于建安十五年(210年)，金虎台建于建安十八年(213年)，冰井台建于建安十九年(214年)，以铜雀台最为高大，达十丈高，其余二台均为八丈。金虎台有屋百九间，铜雀台有屋百余间，冰井台有屋百四十五间。其中冰井台上有冰室，室内有数井，用来保存冰和石墨，还有粟窖和盐窖。三台之间以阁道相通。曹魏邺城的防卫系统通过考古工作确认，独具特色的就是沿城墙建筑的三台建筑群。
The Bronze Bird Pavilion was built in 210 (the 15th year of Jian'an), the Golden Tiger Pavilion in 213 (the 18th year of Jian'an), and the Icy Well Pavilion in 214 (the 19th year of Jian'an). The Bronze Bird Pavilion, with a height of ten zhang, was the largest, while each of the other two was eight zhang high. The Golden Tiger Pavilion had 109 chambers, the Copper Bird Pavilion over 100, and the Icy Well Pavilion 145. The Icy Well Pavilion was topped by an ice chamber housing several wells for preserving ice and graphite as well cellars for keeping millet and salt. The three pavilions were linked by flying corridors (gedao). Archeologists have established that the complex of the three terraces formed a unique feature of the city's defense works.
铜雀三台遗迹位于今临漳县三台村之西、邺镇村之北，是目前曹魏邺城仅存于地面的遗存。铜雀台位居三台中间，南距金虎台83米。铜雀台已被严重破坏，仅存台基东南角，夯土台基现存南北50、东西43、高4～6米。冰井台则完全被漳河的洪水吞噬，具体位置无法确认。
The ruins of the three pavilions are located to the west ofSantaiVillageand to the north ofYezhenVillageinLinzhangCounty. They are the city's only remains above the ground. The Bronze Bird Pavilion is in the middle and 83 meters from the Golden Tiger Pavilion in the south. Severely damaged, it retains nothing but the southeast corner of its base built of rammed earth, which measures 50 meters from north to south and 43 meters from east to west, with a height of four to six meters. The location of the Icy Well Pavilion cannot be found because it has been completely wiped out by flood from theZhangRiver.
铜雀三台举世闻名不仅仅是因为它的军事功能，更重要的是在中国建筑史上有一席之地并在这里引发了文学家们的无限遐思。曹操依托铜雀三台和西侧铜爵园的美景，时常宴请宾客。当时文学家对曹操宴请宾客的活动进行了文学描绘。这其中也包括了“建安七子”王粲、陈琳、应旸、刘桢、徐干等人。
The three pavilions are well-known not only for their military use; more importantly, they were important in the history of Chinese architecture and furnished men of letters with infinite inspiration.Cao Caoused to feast guests on the three pavilions, which commanded a charming view of theBronzeCupGardento the west. Literary descriptions of such feasts were made by contemporary writers, including five of the 'seven leading writers of the Jian'an Period'--Wang Can, Chen Lin, Ying Yang, Liu Zhen and Xu Gan.
三
Three
自1983年邺城考古队在此开始考古工作以来，迄今已持续了25年，获得了一批重要的出土遗物。如出土于铜雀台南侧试掘的探沟中的青石角螭首，表面有彩绘，全长189.6厘米，是铜雀台的围栏的构件。从中可以推测，铜雀台的侧立面收分10°，高台顶层设置石刻围栏。出土的青石螭首其巨大的体积是宏伟壮观铜雀三台的真实写照。
Archeological exploration of the city has been going on for twenty-five years since it was first conducted by the archeological team of Ye in 1983, revealing a number of important unearthed relics. For instance, the bluestone dragon head that decorated a corner unearthed from the trial trench to the south of the Bronze Bird Pavilion, with colored patterns and a total length of189.6 cm, was a component of the pavilion's railing. It can be inferred from this component that the side elevation of the pavilion inclined inwards by 10 degrees and that there was a railing of carved stones at the top. The bulk of the unearthed bluestone dragon head mirrors the magnificence of the three pavilions.
【发布时间】2014-01-07 【信息来源】管理员 【浏览点击】2453次
