《大三国志展》归国汇报展翻译-文化类翻译

“千古英雄——《大三国志展》归国汇报展”

(《大三国志展》Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

“Heroes through the Ages”: Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms Returns to China

前  言

Foreword

2008年为纪念“中日和平友好条约”缔结30周年，中日两国专家历经三年，寻访了中国境内70余处与三国有关的历史遗迹和博物馆，从11个省市34家文博单位的藏品中遴选文物在日本举办了《大三国志展》。展览一年内在东京、名古屋等7个城市展出引起了巨大反响，创下了参观中国文物展览人数的记录。

In order to commemorate the 30^th anniversary of the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Treaty for Peace and Friendship, experts from both China and Japan spent 3 years paying visits to over 70 historical relics and museums within the territory of China, selected collected items at 34 museums over 11 provinces and municipalities and exhibited them in Japan in 2008 under the title Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The year saw the exhibition become a sensation in seven Japanese cities,Tokyo,Nagoya, etc., and received a record audience for Chinese exhibitions held inJapan.

三国时代是中国历史上的英雄时代，其政治、军事和文化对后世产生了深远的影响。唐代诗歌中开始出现大量三国内容。宋金元时代，三国故事搬上了舞台。元末明初产生的《三国演义》使三国故事进一步深入人心，成为戏剧和民间文化的常见的艺术母题。三国文化所体现的忠义、大一统、英雄主义等已构成中国传统文化的核心价值，并影响到中国周边的亚洲国家。在今天的信息时代，三国题材历久弥新，其影视、游戏、艺术等作品仍有着强大的生命力。

The Period of the Three Kingdoms was an age of heroism in Chinese history, whose politics, military and culture have left profound influences on the later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, a lot of poems were composed on figures and events in that period. In the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, stories on the Three Kingdoms were adapted to stage plays or operas. In late Yuan and early Qing, these stories became household thanks to the immense popularity of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. They have constituted an important source of motifs ever since in drama and in folklore. “Loyalty & righteousness”, “grand unification”, heroism etc., as embodied in the culture of the Three Kingdoms, have found their way into the core values of traditional Chinese culture and influenced China’s neighbouring countries. In the current Information Age, this legendary period in the remote past is still providing materials for such artistic works as movie and games

三国时期，湖北是魏、吴、蜀三国交兵的重要战场。吴国也曾两度定都于湖北武昌（今鄂城市）。湖北有关三国的文化资源达181处，《三国演义》有120回，其中70余回涉及到湖北。湖北出土的三国文物如青瓷、铜镜和佛教文物有着重要的学术价值和艺术价值。我馆此次举办《大三国志展》是国内博物馆首次举办的三国文物特展，也是我省首次举办中国出国文物展览的汇报展，旨在使观众深入地了解三国的历史和文化。

In the Period of the Three Kingdoms,Hubeiwitnessed many important battles between Wei, Shu and Wu. As a matter of fact, the State ofWumadeWuchang,Hubei(now Echeng) its capital twice. In the province, the number of places or sites related to the Three Kingdoms amount to 181; out of 120 chapters in the monumental Chinese novel, Romance of Three Kingdoms, over 70 refer toHubei. As a result, many cultural relics unearthed here, such as celadon, bronze mirrors and Buddhist cultural relics, are all of great academic and artistic values. This exhibition ofThreeKingdomrelics, entitled Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is the first of its kind held by a domestic museum; and it is also the first time that a Chinese exhibition originally targeted at foreign visitors is reorganized back inChina. Its purpose is to deepen the Chinese visitors’ understanding of the history and culture in that historical period.  

一、            政治、军事

三国时期，曹魏出现了“九品中正制”和“行台制”。前者以家世、道德、才能为标准，打破了汉代“察举制”世族对人才评定的垄断；后者从“尚书台”（行政）分立出“中书监”（决策），新设“行尚书台”随君主办公，中国官制由此走向三省六部制。吴、蜀均以丞相掌握政事，军权归大司马。诸葛亮死后蜀汉政事归尚书事掌握。

三国军事制度基本沿用汉制，但出现了子承父业，世代为兵的“世兵制”；负责治安防卫的内军和负责边防并从事屯田的外军互不统属的“内外军制”；军政合一、跨行政区划的“都督制”的新特点。另外，苦于战乱庇护于豪强的农民成为“部曲”，即战时为兵，平时为农的私家军队。

因战争频仍，魏、吴、蜀在军备、训练和技术方面都有很大进步。曹魏有步军、骑军和水军，出现了“百炼钢”、两裆铠等装备。吴军以舟师为主，已有载兵千人的战船。蜀军以步兵为主，骑兵次之。诸葛亮发明的木牛流马、八阵图和连发十矢的连弩等是蜀国能与魏、吴长期抗衡的一个重要原因。

I.                   Politics and Military

During the period of theThreeKingdoms, the Nine-Grade Official System and the “Movable Office” or Xingtai System were adopted in the State ofWeiunder the reign of the Cao family. While the former, with family background, morality and ability as criteria, broke the monopoly of talent assessment by the “talent discovering and recommending” families in the Han Dynasty, the latter established the Secretariat (Zhong Shu Jian, in charge of decision making) independent of the Department of State Affairs (Shang Shu Tai, an administrative organ) and the Branch Departments of State Affairs to assist the emperor in handling office affairs. It was since then that Chinese official system began its evolution into the System of Three Departments and Six Ministries. In Wu and Shu, the Grand Councillor was in charge of political affairs, while Dasima, or the Grand Commandant, was in charge of military. After Zhuge Liang died, the administrative affairs in the State ofShufell into the hands of Shangshushi, a high-rank official.

The military system had been basically the same as that in the Han Dynasty. However, there were differences. For instance, the Hereditary Military Service System appeared; the Inner Services whose major duty was to maintain social security and the Outer Services which defended the borders and cultivated land at stations existed side by side and independent from each other; and the “military governor (dudu) system” took on new features and began to empower military governors to handle political affairs across different administrative divisions. Besides, peasants who suffered from war and wished to seek shelter from warlords organized themselves into buqu legions, private troops which fought in times of war and farmed in times of peace.

Because of incessant war, Wei, Wu andChumade great progress in armament, training and technology. The services of Wei under the reign of the Cao family consisted of infantry, cavalry and navy and began to be armed with such advanced weapons as “steel quenched a hundred times” and two-crotch armour. In the services of the State ofWu, navy played the major part; and they were already capable of building ships which could hold 1,000 soldiers. In the services of Shu, infantry was given top priority and cavalry ranked second. Zhuge Liang’s inventions like the “wooden ox and floating horse”, the “eight battle formation”, the repeating crossbow capable of shooting ten arrows at a time etc. were reasons why Shu could be evenly matched with Wei and Wu in such a long time.

二、            经济生活

东汉末年，中原豪强世族为避战乱建立坞堡以自卫，并以此形成自给自足的庄园经济。当时币制未能统一，私钱盛行，布帛谷栗等实物担负了货币功能。曹魏推行屯田、兴修水利，社会生产逐渐恢复，都城建设、大型官营手工业作坊等开创了新局面。

吴国因战乱较少，北方人口大量迁入促使了江南地区的经济开发。武昌（今湖北省鄂州市）冶铸业、豫章郡（今南昌）的“鸡鸣布”、三吴的“八蚕之绵”和青瓷业都居领先地位。建业（今南京）、吴郡（今苏州）、番禺等城市已与海外有贸易往来。

蜀地沃野千里，物产丰饶。刘备入蜀后铸“直百钱”整顿当地混乱的财政。诸葛亮整修都江堰，发展盐、铁和织锦业，其金、银、丹、漆、耕牛、战马等物质保障了蜀汉的军费供给。成都亦成为三国时期的主要商业都会。

II.                Economy

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlords and powerful families in the Central Plains built castles to defend themselves and shelter themselves from war. As a result, a self-sufficient manorial economy came into being. During that period, since there was no unified currency, private “security money” was widely used, and cloth, silk, grains, etc. were often used as currencies. Cao Wei introduced and encouraged its people to open up wasteland and built a lot of water facilities. Consequently, social protection recovered gradually; new advances were made in capital & urban construction, establishment of large state-run workshops etc.

The State ofWuhad seen fewer wars. A lot of immigrants from northernChinahad boosted its economy. The metalworking industry in Wuchang (nowEzhou,HubeiProvince), Jiming cloth (literally “cloth woven when the roosters sing”) inYuzhangPrefecture(nowNanchang), the “eight-silkworm” silk (ba can zhi mian) and the celadon industry in Sanwu were all at the heads of the professions. Cities like Jianye (nowNanjing), Wujun (nowSuzhou) and Panyu began to have trade contacts with foreign countries.

The State ofShuboasted thousands of acres fertile land and rich natural products. After Liu Bei gained control ofSichuan, he unified the currency system and rectified the local finances. Zhege Liang presided over the construction of Doujiang Dam, developed the salt, iron and silk-weaving industries. The output of gold, silver, lacquer, ploughing cattle, battle horses etc. guaranteed the steady supply of military expenses in Shu Han.Chengdubecame one of the major trade centres in the Period of the Three Kingdoms.

三、精神、艺术

三国时期曹魏禁止厚葬有其经济原因，但也反映出人们对死后世界的观念发生变化。当时墓葬的随葬品多是日常生活用器，秦汉以来流行的神仙思想在摇钱树、铜镜和绘画等作品上仍可见到。

东汉末年的战乱使佛教与道教得到发展。张角的太平道和张道陵的五斗米道是为道教的雏型。文献记载中国的铜佛像最早出现在三国时期。在孙吴墓葬中发现了中国最早的佛教纹样，表明佛教传入中国有经西域和经东南亚的两条路线。南方佛像的艺术风格更接近南印度流行的“秣菟罗”(Mathura)风格，而不是北印度的“犍陀罗”(Gandhara)风格。除佛像雕塑外，甘肃武威出土的东汉末年的“马踏飞燕”、四川新都出土的说唱俑等雕塑品堪称绝世佳作。三国时期的书法和具有生活气息的民间绘画也都开辟了新天地。

III.             Spirit and Art

During the Period of the Three Kingdoms, lavish funerals were banned in Cao Wei, which may be partly attributed to economic reasons. However, this is also a refection of the change in people’s view of the after world. At that time, burial objects were mostly those for daily use, though “money-bearing trees”, bronze mirrors and paintings which reflect people’s pursuit of immortality prevalent in the Qing and Han dynasties could also be seen.

The war and chaos in the late Eastern Han Dynasty stimulated the development of Buddhism and Taoism. The Taipingdao (literally “Peace”) Sect founded by Zhang Jiao and the Wudoumidao sect (literally “sect of five dippers rice”) were nothing but prototypes of Taoism.China’s earliest bronze Buddha statue was also made during the Period of the Three Kingdoms. In ancient Wu tombs, Buddhist patterns have been discovered, the earliest of their kind in China, which indicates that the spread of Buddhism to China had followed two routes, one by way of the West Region (Xi Yu) and the other by way of Southeast Asia. The artistic style of Buddhist statues in South China is nearer to theMathurastyle popular in southernIndia, rather than the Gandhara style in northernIndia. Besides Buddhist statues and sculptures, Horse Stepping on a Swallow (sculpture) of late Eastern Han unearthed inWuwei,Gansu, the singer-and-dancer figurines unearthed in Xindu, Sichuang etc. are also extraordinary works of art. In this period, the calligraphy and folk paintings bristling with life are also of unique styles.

四、三国文化

三国时代不过百余年，但对中国传统文化的形成产生了深远的影响。它除了体现在官方所提倡的忠义、大一统等意识形态上，还融入到了民间信仰中，如关羽、诸葛亮崇拜。全国的三国遗迹遍及20余省市约1200处，许多都是《三国演义》和民间三国传说的产物，这是中国传统文化中绝无仅有的现象。

唐宋以来，三国故事一直是中国传统文化的经典母题。三国文化所宣扬的忠义、仁德、英雄主义等在塑造民族心灵过程中已成为民族核心价值观的一部分。因此，中国传统社会尤其是在明清时期，社会生活和民间文化的各个方面大到建筑、雕塑、戏剧、曲艺，小到绘画、说书、皮影、剪纸等民间艺术，三国故事始终受到社会各界的普遍喜欢。

IV.              Culture of the Three Kingdoms

Considering the 100-plus years it lasted, the Period of the Three Kingdoms was fairly short. However, it has exerted far-reaching influences on the formation of traditional Chinese culture. These influences can be found not only in the ideological system favoured by the ruling class, which values such concepts as loyalty, “grand unification”, but also in folk beliefs, in particular, the worship of Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang. There are about 1,200 historical sites left from the Period of the Three Kingdoms, which are scattered across more than 20 provinces inChina. Many are constructed based upon Romance of theThreeKingdomsand related legends. This phenomenon is rare in traditional Chinese culture.

Since the Tang and Song Dynasty, stories on figures and events in the Period of the Three Kingdoms have been a source of classic motifs. Concepts preached by the culture of the Three Kingdoms, such as loyalty, virtuousness, moral force, heroism etc. have become part of Chinese core values while the Chinese national spirit was in the making. Therefore, in traditional Chinese society especial during Ming and Qing, stories on the Three Kingdoms were universally popular by all the social circles in all aspects of social life and folk culture--architecture, sculpture, drama, painting, story-telling, shadow plays, paper-cutting etc.

1.       桃园结义

刘备(161～223)字玄德，涿郡涿县(今河北省涿州)人，汉中山靖王刘胜之后。184年黄巾军起事，遂与关羽、张飞起兵参与平定。208年刘备与孙权联兵败曹操于赤壁，后夺取益州（今成都）与汉中，于221年在成都称汉皇帝，年号章武，是为蜀汉开国皇帝。223年因伐东吴兵败，在白帝城病逝，谥号昭烈帝。

关羽 (160? ～220)字云长，并州解县（今山西省运城市）人。官渡之战因功封汉寿亭侯。蜀汉建国，拜前将军。建安24年破樊城曹军，威震华夏。后吴将吕蒙袭破荆州，关羽败走麦城为马忠擒杀，谥“壮缪侯”。关羽为人忠义仁厚，后世广受崇拜。唐代关羽进入武庙，配享姜太公。宋代封“义勇武安王”。元代封“壮缪义勇武安显灵英济王”，明代封为“三界伏魔大帝神威远震天尊关圣帝君”，其庙与孔庙并列为“武庙”。清代封“忠义神武仁勇威显护国保民精诚绥靖翊赞宣德关圣大帝”。民间则另尊为财神。

张飞（? ～221）字益德，涿郡涿县人（今河北省涿州市）。破吕布有功拜中郎将。长坂坡以一人之勇喝退曹军。随刘备入川，先后收降蜀将严颜，击败曹魏张郃。蜀汉建国，拜车骑将军，封西乡侯。公元221年刘备伐吴。临行前，为部将张达、范强刺杀。

1.       Swearing to be bothers in the peach garden

Liu Bei (161～223), alias Xuande, was from Zhuo County, Zhuo Prefecture (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province). A descendent of Prince Jing of Zhongshan, he recruited an army with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to suppress the Yellow Turban Uprising in 184. In 208, Liu Bei formed an alliance with Sun Quan and thrashed Cao Cao’s expedition at the Red Cliff. Later, he seized Yizhou (nowChengdu) and Hanzhong in 208 and proclaimed himself Emperor of Han with his reign title Zhangwu. He was in effect the founder emperor of Shu Han. In 223, he suffered a bitter defeat on his expedition against Wu and passed away in Baidicheng. He was given the honorary title Emperor Zhaolie.

Guan Yu (160? ～220), alias Yuzhang, was from Jiexian, Bingzhou (now Yucheng, Shanxi). Because of his meritorious military service in the Battle of Guandu, he was made Duke of Shouting. When Shu Han was founded, he was made General of the Forward Army. In the 24^th year of Jian’an, he defeated the Cao troops at Fancheng and became well-known all loverChina. Later, Lu Meng, a Wu general, seized Fancheng and Guan escaped to Maicheng, where he was captured and killed by Ma Zhong. After his death, he was conferred the honorary title Duke Zhuangmiao. Being a man of loyalty, righteousness and generosity, he was generally worshipped by later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Guan Yu was enshrined at theMartialTemple, where Jiang Ziya (the famous Grand Councillor and one of the founders of the Zhou Dynasty) was worshipped with him. The following dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing saw him receive a series of honorary titles and the admiration for him grow steadily until in the end he became a figure parallel to Confucius. He is worshipped by common Chinese folks as the God of Wealth.

Zhang Fei (? ～221), alias Yide, was from Zhuo County, Zhuo Prefecture (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province). Because of his meritorious service in the battle against Lu Bu, he was made Commandant (or Zhonglang General). At Changbanpo, he repelled Cao Cao’s troops temporarily relying upon his courage and valour. Later, as one of Liu Bei’s generals, he went toSichuan. His remarkable feats include incorporating General Yan Yan and defeating Zhang He, a famous general of the State ofWei. After Shu Han was founded, he served as General of Chariots and Cavalry and was made Duke of Xixiang. In 221 AD, Liu Bei waged a war against Wu. Before they took leave, he was assassinated by Zhang Da and Fan Jiang two of his subordinate officers.

2.      三顾茅庐

2. Liu Bei paid three visits to a cottage

《隆中对》

建安十二年(207年)，刘备“三顾茅庐”于南阳（今湖北襄樊）隆中，会见诸葛亮，问以统一天下大计，诸葛亮分析天下大势后预见了曹操、孙权、刘备将三分天下的图景，并提出夺荆州、益州作为根据地，外联孙权，内修政治；南抚夷越，西和诸戎等待时机成熟后分兵两路北伐，恢复汉室，统一全国的战略思想。这次谈话即是著名的《隆中对》。

The Famous Conservation at Longzhong

In the 12^th year of Jian’an (207), Liu Bei paid three visits to Zhuge Liang and finally met him in the latter’s cottage at Longzhong, Nanyang (nowXiangfan,Hubei). Liu inquired Zhuge about the way to unifyChina. After an analysis of the situation inChina, the famous strategist predicted that Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei would each take one third ofChina. He proposed that Liu should seize Jingzhou and Yizhou as his foothold, align himself with Sun Quan in diplomacy, develop politically, appease the southern ethnic minorities, ally with the western ethnic minorities and, when the opportunity was ripe, send two expeditionary troops northward to unifyChinaand restore the Han Dynasty. This was the famous conservation on strategy at Longzhong.

诸葛亮（181～234），字孔明，号卧龙，山东琅邪阳（今山东沂南县）人，是中国历史上集忠、孝、义、谋于一身的杰出政治家和军事家。赤壁之战前，刘备三顾茅庐延揽诸葛亮。诸葛亮为其定下联吴抗曹的三分天下策略。战后，刘备平定荆南四郡，拜诸葛亮为军师中郎将。221年，刘备在益州（今成都）称帝，诸葛亮为丞相。223年，刘备托孤于诸葛亮。其子刘禅封诸葛亮为武乡侯，政事大小悉决于诸葛亮。诸葛亮平定南方后，于228～234年五次出兵伐魏（《三国演义》称“六出祁山”实际仅两出），最后一次卒于军中，谥曰忠武侯。

Zhuge Liang (181～234), alias Kongming and poetic name Wolong (literally “Crouching Dragon”), was from Yangdu, Langya, Shandong (now Xinan, Shandong). He was an outstanding statesman and military strategist boasting such traditional Chinese merits as loyalty, filialness, righteousness and resourcefulness. Before theBattleof the Red Cliff, Liu Bei paid three visits to the cottage Zhuge Liang lived trying to enlist his help. Zhuge formulated the strategy of “allying with Wu to resist Cao and gain control of one third ofChina”. After the battle, Liu Bei pacified four prefectures to the south of Jingzhou and made Zhuge Liang his Military Advisor and Commandant. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Yizhou (nowChengdu) and Zhuge served as Grand Councillor. In 223, at his death bed, Liu Bei entrusted his orphaned son Liu Chan to the latter’s care. The successor made Zhuge Liang Duke of Wuxiang and followed his instruction on political affairs, whether important or trivial. After Zhuge Liang pacified the south, he started 5 wars against Wei from 228-234. (In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhugeliang went on “six expeditions out ofQishanMountains”, but in fact only two of them took that route). He deceased on the last expeditions and received the honorary title Duke of Loyalty & Martial Accomplishment.

曹操(155～220)字孟德，沛国谯县（今安徽亳州）人。父亲曹嵩为曹腾养子本姓夏侯。黄巾起义，曹操为骑都尉参与平定。后又讨伐董卓，战胜吕布、袁术等军阀。公元200年在官渡（河南中牟县东北）打败袁绍。曹操平定河北后，北伐乌桓，基本统一了中国北方。208年，拜为丞相。赤壁之战后，陆续击败马超、张鲁。公元213年封为魏国国王。曹操重视农业，用人唯才，抑制豪强，北方社会经济得到恢复和发展。曹操在军事、文学均有极高造诣。220年，曹操逝世于洛阳，谥号“武王”。其子曹丕称帝后，追谥为“武帝”。

Cao Cao (155～220), alias Mengde, was from Qiaoxian County in the State of Pei (now Bozhou, Anhui). His father Cao Song, with Xiahou as his original family name, was adopted by Cao Teng. Cao Cao was engaged in crushing the uprising as General Commandant of Cavalry. Later, he participated in the crusade against Dong Zhuo and beat such warlords as Lu Bu and Yuan Shu. In 200 AD, he won a landslide victory against Yuan Sao at Guandu (now northwest ofZhongmou County,Henan). After he pacifiedHebei, he led a northward expedition against Wuhuan and then succeeded in unifying northernChina. In 208, he was promoted to Grand Councillor. After a failure at the Red Cliff, he defeated Ma Cao and Zhang Lu in a succession. In 231, he was made monarch of Wei. Cao attached much importance to agriculture. He enlisted talented people and restricted the power of despots. Thanks to his efforts, the society and economy in northernChinawere able to recover and develop in spite of war and chaos. Cao was a great military strategist and a man of letters. When he died in Luo Yang in 220, he received the honorary title “Prince of Military Accomplishments” (Wu Wang), which was changed to “Emperor of Military Accomplishments” (Wu Di) after his son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor.

孙权（182～252），字仲谋。吴郡富春县（今浙江富阳）人。公元208年，曹操下江南，孙权联合刘备大破曹军于赤壁。217年，魏吴再战于濡须口(今安徽无为北)，双方均不能致胜，遂和。219年，关羽攻打樊城，孙权用吕蒙乘势夺荆州。221年，刘备称起兵攻东吴，孙权用陆逊在彝陵（今湖北宜昌东）大败刘备。229年孙权在武昌（今湖北鄂州）称帝，旋即迁都建业（今江苏南京市）。孙权在位24年，江南经济得以发展。死后谥号大皇帝，庙号太祖。

Sun Quan (182～252), alias Zhongmou, was born in Fuchun County, Wujun Prefecture (now Fuyang, Zhejiang). In 208 AD, Cao Cao led his expedition southward. Sun allied with Liu Bei and routed Cao’s forces around the Red Cliff. In 217, Wei and Wu went to war a second time at Ruxukou (located now north ofWuwei,Anhui). Neither of the two sides failed to gain victory, so they made peace. In 219, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng; Sun took advantage of this opportunity and ordered his general Lu Meng to seized Jingzhou. In 221, Liu Bei started a war against Wu. Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun commander of his troops and won a landslide victory in Yiling (now east ofYichang,Hubei). In 229, Sun proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang (nowEzhou,Hubei) and soon moved his capital to Jianye (nowNanjing,JIangsu). During his 24-year reign, the economy in southernChinaattained prosperity. After his death, Sun received Great Emperor as his honorary title and Founder Emperor as his temple title.

朱然（182～249）字义封，丹阳故彰（今浙江安吉西北）人，13岁过继给舅父朱治为子，少时为孙权同窗好友。及长为孙权所器重。曾协助潘璋擒关羽，后代吕蒙守江陵。223年，魏曹真、张郃等攻江陵半年之久，无功而反。朱然威名远扬，后官至左大司马，右军师。249年病卒，孙权素服举哀。朱然墓1984年在马鞍山被发现，出土各类文物140余件，是三国时期最重要的考古发现之一。

Zhu Ran (182～249), alias Yifeng, was born in Guzhang, Danyang (now located northwest of Anji, Zhejiang). At the age of 13, he was adopted by his uncle Zhu Zhi. When young, he went to the same school with Sun Quan and befriended him. After he grew up, he was regarded highly by Sun. One of his feats was that he and Pan Zhang captured Guan Yu. Later, he took Lu Meng’s place as the head of the garrisons in Jiangling. In 223, Cao Zhen and Zhang He-- two Wei generals—attempted to take Jiangling by force, but in vain. Thus Zhu’s fame went far and wide. Later, Zhu served as Left Grand Commandant and Right Grand Military Advisor. When he died of illness in 249, Sun Quan wore a white mourning dress to commemorate him. In 1984, Zhu Ran’s tomb was discovered in Ma’anshang. More than 140 relics of various kinds were unearthed—this is one of the most important archaeological discoveries related to the Period of the Three Kingdoms.

赤壁之战

赤壁之战是中国历史上最著名的以弱胜强的战争。建安十三年（公元208年），曹操基本统一北方后率领大军南征荆州。荆州刘琮投降，曹操遂讨伐孙权。孙权和刘备组成联军，由周瑜指挥，周瑜采纳部将黄盖所献火攻计，黄盖又致书曹操诈降，曹操中计。在长江赤壁(今湖北赤壁市西北)一带大破曹军，从此奠定了三国鼎立格局。

TheBattleof the Red Cliff, or Chibi

TheBattleof the Red Cliff is among the most famous wars in Chinese history in which the weak overwhelmed the strong. In the 13^th year of Jian’an (208 AD), having basically united northernChina, Cao Cao led his army on an expedition aimed at taking Jingzhou. Liu Cong surrendered Jing Zhou to Cao, who then decided to go to war with Sun Quan. Sun and Liu Bei joined their forces and placed them under the command of Zhou Yu, who adopted General Huang Gai’s advice and attacked Cao’s troops with fire around the Red Cliff along the Yangtze. Cao was routed. Hence the layout of the Three Kingdoms came into being.

星落秋风五丈原

Wuzhangyuan Campaign and the Death of Zhuge Liang

五丈原之战。建兴十二年（234）二月，诸葛亮率大军出斜谷道，据武功五丈原（今陕西岐山南），屯田于渭滨。司马懿据守不出。八月，诸葛亮卒于五丈原。杨仪等率军还，遂有“死诸葛走生仲达”事。

Wuzhangyuan Battle. In the second lunar month in the 12^th year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led the Shu troops on an expedition against Wu by way of Xiegu Route, seized Wuzhangyuan, Wugong (located now south to Qishan, Shaanxi) and stationed garrisons to grow their own food there. Sima Yi wisely adopted the defensive strategy and refrained from risking an attack. In August, Zhuge died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi etc. took his place to lead the troops back. What happened next was a very famous story in Chinese history—“Dead Zhuge Liang frightened off living Sima Yi”.

犍陀罗风格。犍陀罗地区位于巴基斯坦和阿富汗境内，处于中亚交通的要冲，曾经深受希腊罗马文化的影响。其特色在于写实，造像风格略具西方雕塑的特色，人像外观上高鼻、深眼、卷发、蓄胡和通肩式袈裟的造型。

Gandhara style. Gandhara is a region located inPakistanandAfghanistan. As a traffic hub inCentral Asia, it was deeply influenced by Greek and Roman culture. In terms of statue building, the influence is represented in its realism. With a tinge of Western style, the statues built here feature high noses, deep-set eyes and curled hair and are usually bearded men clad in both-shouldered robes.

秣菟罗风格。秣菟罗是印度北方邦古城，位于德里以南150公里处。其特色保留印度原有的风格。佛陀螺发右旋，肉髻高圆，两眉之间有白毫，造像薄衣透体，衣饰呈袒右肩式，衣纹常有隆起的楞状上加刻阴线。

Mathura style.Mathurais an ancient town in northernIndialocated150kmsouth toDelhi. In statue building, the

【发布时间】2014-01-07 【信息来源】管理员 【浏览点击】3809次