桃园结义
Becoming Sworn Brothers in the Peach Garden
正在黄巾起义声势越来越浩大的时候，汉室后裔刘备在涿县的大街上邂逅关羽、张飞，三人在桃园结为兄弟，发誓“为国为民而战，愿同年同月同日死”[译者注：《三国演义》中的原文为“上报国家，下安黎庶；不求同年同月同日生，只愿同年同月同日死”]。此事称之为“桃园结义”。刘备等人率领义勇军积极镇压黄巾起义。后来，董卓实行暴政，袁绍、曹操、孙坚（孙权之父）以及刘备等人为反抗董卓，结成反董卓大军，在虎牢关与吕布等人展开激战，后来董卓因貂蝉用“连环计”离间而被吕布杀害。董卓出现以后，后汉迎来了群雄割据的时代，其中拥立皇帝的曹操脱颖而出，在官渡之战中大败袁绍。此时，投降曹操的关羽为报恩而大显身手，后凭借一身超强的武艺突破曹操手下的重重阻拦，回到了刘备身边。
The Yellow Scarf Rebellion was gathering momentum when Liu Bei, a descendant of the Han imperial family, encountered Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. The three took an oath to become sworn brothers in a peach garden, vowing 'to fight for the country and the people, with the wish to die on the same day' [translator's note: in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the words are: 'We shall serve our country and the people; though we were not born on the same day, we wish to die on the same day.'] The event was known as 'becoming sworn brothers in the peach garden'.
Liu Bei and his sworn brothers led an army of volunteers which played an active role in quelling the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Later, when Dong Zhuo imposed a tyrannical rule, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Suan Jian (father of Suan Quan) as well as Liu Bei and his brothers coalesced into a great army against Dong, which fought a brutal battle with Lü Bu and others at Hulao Pass. Later Dong was estranged from Lü Bu, who tried to steal his concubine Diao Chan, and was killed by Lü. The appearance of Dong marked the beginning of the era of warlord regimes in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Cao, who purported to support the emperor, stood out among the warlords and dealt a crushing defeat to Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu. To pay a debt of gratitude, Guan Yu, who had capitulated to Cao Cao, gave a full display of his capability. Later, his superior martial skills enabled him to break through barriers set up by Cao Cao's men and return to Liu Bei.
剑―—武器
The sword and other weapons
三国时期是一个改良各种武器的时代。由于制铁技术发达，用来“刺”的剑、用来“砍”的刀以及同时兼具“砍”和“刺”两种功能的戟得到了改进，特别是刀和双戟得到了普及。据说，当时诸葛亮（孔明）把弩改良为连弩，还发明了马用的撒菱。该部分将展示在赤壁出土的箭头以及在中国各地出土的武器。
The Three Kingdoms Period saw the improvement of weapons. The well-developed iron smelting technology made it possible to improve the sword for stabbing, the broadsword for chopping, and the halberd for both stabbing and chopping. In particular, the use of the broadsword and the double halberds became widespread. It is said that Zhuge Liang (Kongming by courtesy name) devised the repeating crossbow on the basis of the crossbow and invented the spikes against horses. The part shows arrowheads unearthed in Chibi and weapons unearthed in other parts of China.
军备——骑马、士兵和要寨
Armaments for horses, soldiers and fortresses
当时的军队中，机动能力最强的要数骑兵。虽然数量不多，但骑兵可以在马上拉弓射箭，这个时期开始马身上也披上了铠甲。最大限度利用骑兵的人是曹操。另外，当时的城墙是采用筑土的版筑方式建成。用城墙围成的要寨被建成重要据点，城市本身也是城墙围成的要塞。该部分将展示当时骑马部队、要寨的情况、军船以及用来指南的“指南车”的模型。
The most mobile part of an army of that time was the cavalry. Despite their limited number, mounted soldiers could shoot arrows from horseback. Horses were also armored. The man who made the most use of the cavalry was Cao Cao. Besides, city walls were built with rammed earth, and fortresses enclosed by such walls, including the cities, were built as major strongholds. This part shows cavalries, fortresses and warships of that time and a model of a 'south-pointing carriage' serving as a compass.
诸葛亮（孔明）发明的兵器
Weapons invented by Zhuge Liang
为了弥补蜀国国力不足的状况，诸葛亮（孔明）开发了各种各样的兵器。蜀国远征魏国时遇到的最大难题是粮食运输问题。蜀军必须要通过一种被称作“栈道”（在悬崖上打桩后铺上木板修成的道路）的道路。孔明为解决这一问题，开发了即使在狭窄的栈道上也能灵活移动、依靠少量人力就能大量运输的、被称作“木牛流马”的运输车。另外，孔明还对古时的弩进行改良，将其改良成为能够连续发射的连弩。
To compensate for the deficient power of Shu, Zhuge Liang invented a variety of weapons. The greatest problems facing Shu during his expedition against Wei was the transport of rations, for the Shu army had to pass through zhandao, roads consisting of planks laid on stakes driven into the sides of cliffs. To solve the problem, Zhuge Liang invented a special type of vehicle that could move easily on narrow plank roads and that enabled the transport of large quantities by a relatively small number of men. Besides, he devised the repeating crossbow on the basis on the traditional crossbow.
治国―政治・经济―
Government: Politics and Economy
《三国志》的时代是一个“华丽而黑暗的时代”。寒冷的气候、不断的战乱、以及由此导致的生产力的低下、董卓的暴政导致的货币经济的崩溃、战争优先的国家体制，这些都严重影响了人们的生活。在这样的危机中，三个国家都建立新的制度并尝试制造货币，在一定程度上促进了经济发展。同时，各国还与外国开展了往来。另外，在长江流域，吴国在孙权的领导下，通过开发，使农业和商业得到了发展。该部分将展示已出土的三国时期执政者的贵族生活用品、反映当时政治经济活动的木简、印章和货币等出土文物以及一些与农业生产活动有关的随葬品等。
The Three Kingdoms Period was an era of both splendor and darkness. The cold climate, continual wars and the consequent low productivity, the collapse of monetary economy caused by the tyranny of Dong Zhuo, and the war-oriented government--all these had a tremendous impact on people's lives. During the crisis, all the three kingdoms established new systems and tried making currencies, their efforts boosting economy to some degree. The kingdoms also traded with foreign countries. In the Yangtze River Valley, under the leadership by Sun Quan, the Kingdom of Wu developed agriculture and commerce. This part shows unearthed aristocrats' articles of everyday use during the the period, inscribed wooden slips, seals and money reflecting economic activities, and buried articles related to agricultural production.
执政者―——与曹家有关的物品
The ruler: articles related with the Caos
1974年，考古人员在安徽省亳县发现了曹操祖先的坟墓。由于墓中发现了只允许诸侯和高官穿戴的银缕玉衣，所以考古人员猜测其中有位居高官的曹操祖父曹腾以及父亲曹嵩的坟墓。该部分将展示出土的银缕玉衣，还有从曹操修建的铜雀台遗址、曹丕举行接受后汉皇帝让位仪式的受禅台遗址出土的文物以及曹操书法的拓本等。
In 1974, archeologists discovered the tomb of an ancestor of Cao Cao in Baoxian, Anhui. The discovery of a jade burial suit sewn with silver wires, the use of which was confined to a feudal lord or a senior official, led to the guess that the tomb was occupied by Cao Cao's grandfather Cao Teng, a senior official, and his father Cao Song. This part shows the unearthed jade suit, relics unearthed at the site of the Bronze Bird Terrace built by Cao Cao and the site of the terrace where Cao Pi took over the throne from the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and rubbings of Cao Cao's calligraphy.
话题―执政者曹操
Topic: Cao Cao as a ruler
在《三国演义》中，曹操是刘备的敌人这个角色，但他同时也是一个非常具有改革精神的政治家。比如，为确保兵粮，曹操实行“屯田制”，把土地租给难民和士兵耕种。一般认为，这一制度导致后来出现了“均田制”（日本称之为“班田收授法”）。另外，曹操还实行了“户调制”，以实物而不是以货币交租税，以户而不是以个人为单位征税。据说，这是日本后来引进的“租庸调制”的原形。另外，曹操还“唯才是举”，向社会发出了“求贤令”。
In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, besides being an enemy of Liu Bei, Cao Cao is also a statesman with a readiness for reform. For instance, to ensure the supply of military rations, he implemented a system in which land was leased to refugees and soldiers for cultivation. It is generally believed that the system led to the appearance of the system of land equalization. He implemented another system in which taxes were paid with goods rather than currencies and levied on households instead of individuals. This is said to be the prototype of the Tax-Labor-Substitution System, which was later introduced to Japan. Besides, believing in meritocracy, Cao Cao issued 'edicts of seeking wise men'.
庄园――贵族的生活
Manors: life of the aristocracy
庄园是贵族与豪族的私人领地。由于当时气候反常且连年战乱，商业和农业衰落，贵族和豪族趁机将没落农民的土地收入庄园，并不断扩大规模。由于社会动荡不安，贵族和豪族们减少了与外部的交易，在庄园内构建了自给自足的体制，同时为了保卫庄园，他们将自己的宅邸变成要塞，大一些的庄园开始发展成为一个小的王国。该部分将展示可以了解庄园贵族生活的随葬品。
Manors were private estates of aristocrats or families of distinction. The abnormal climate and continual wars led to the decline of commerce and agriculture. Aristocrats and powerful families incorporated lands of down-and-out farmers into their manors and continually expanded them. Due to social unrest, they traded less with the outside and built their manors into self-contained communities. In addition, for defense, they turned their houses into fortresses, and a large manor might develop into a small kingdom. This part shows buried articles shedding light on the life of aristocrats in manors.
政――文字和印章
Administration: writing and seals
三国时期与现代一样，统治者也是用文件传达命令。文件写在竹简和木简上面，逐渐也开始使用纸张。这一变化引发了一场书体革命，书法作为一门艺术诞生出来。另外，为了给文件和书信封印而制作的印章上面，刻着地位和官职，成为命令的证明。该部分将展示三国时期使用的印章、木简和石刻等与文字有关的东西。
Like the modern times, the Three Kingdoms Period saw rulers using documents to send orders. Documents were written on bamboo or wooden slips, which gradually gave way to paper. The change brought about a calligraphic revolution that led to the birth of calligraphy as an art form. Besides, stamps for sealing documents and letters were inscribed with social positions and official ranks to vouch for the veracity of orders. This part shows seals, wooden slips and stone carvings, all related to writing, of the period.
商――货币和贸易
Commerce: currencies and trade
三国时期，各国为提高本国经济实力，都大力发展国内商业和对外贸易。特别是魏国，据说还通过丝绸之路逐步与西域国家发展贸易。另外，各国还开始铸造因董卓暴政而不再使用的货币，但好像当时三个国家中流通到国外的货币只有蜀国的货币。该部分将展示当时通过对外贸易得到的物品和货币等出土品。
In the Three Kingdoms Period, to boost their economic power, all the kingdoms vigorously developed domestic commerce and foreign trade. The Kingdom of Wei, in particular, is said to have gradually developed trade with countries in the Western Regions via the Silk Road. Besides, the kingdoms began to make currencies, which had fallen into disuse due to Dong Zhuo's tyranny. However, it seems that only currencies of Shu ever made their way out of the confines of the kingdom that made them. This part shows unearthed goods and currencies obtained through foreign trade.
生产――农耕、畜牧
Production: agriculture and animal husbandry
后汉末年至三国时期的这段时期里，战乱不断，人们生活无法安定，农耕、畜牧生产也随之荒废下来。不过，由于群雄集中在三个国家，豪族和贵族也在自己的庄园内勤于经营，所以农耕和畜牧业也得到慢慢恢复。该部分将展示描述当时农耕畜牧生产情况的出土品。
The time between the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period was marked by continual wars that disrupted people's lives and caused the neglect of agriculture and animal husbandry. However, they were gradually restored thanks to the fact that most of the warlords were in the three kingdoms and the industry that powerful families and aristocrats applied to their manors. This part shows unearthed articles reflecting agriculture and animal husbandry of that time.
生活――生活、文化
Life and culture
三国时期在文化方面也是一个大变革时期。在曹操宫廷内部盛行的“建安文学”对后世产生了很大影响，特别是曹植被认为是“杜甫之前水平最高的诗人”。另外，对于百姓而言，在悲惨的战乱年代，儒教也遭遇了变革风潮，很多人开始借宗教来寻求心灵的拯救，于是道教和佛教开始传播起来。此外，不管哪个时代，民众的生活都依然延续。该部分将通过出土品来探寻三国时期生活文化等方方面面。
The Three Kingdoms Period also saw a great cultural revolution. The Jian'an School popular at Cao Cao's court had a great impact on literature. Cao Zhi, in particular, is considered 'the greatest poet before Du Fu'. For the common people, wartime misery brought about a reform of Confucianism. Taoism and Buddhism were disseminated as many people sought salvation of the soul in religion. In addition to these was the continuation of common people's lives regardless of the times. This part aims to explore aspects of life and culture of the period through unearthed articles.
饮食―三国时期的饮食文化
Food culture in the Three Kingdoms Period
这个时代的饮食文化与现在的中餐有很大不同。当时，南方的主食是稻米，北方的主食是小麦、黍子等谷类和豆类，宴会上最丰盛的菜是牛肉汤，调料包括盐、酱油、糖和曲子酱等，辣椒还没有出现，还几乎没有用油做的菜。据说当时的酒大多是酿造酒，酒精度很低。另外葡萄酒当时也已经出现。该部分将展示做成偶人的哺乳者和厨师，以及可以了解贵族宴会情形的出土品。
The food culture of that period differs much from the modern Chinese food. The staple in the south was the rice, and the staples in the north were beans and such cereals as the wheat and the millet. The most sumptuous dish of a banquet was the beef broth. The seasonings included the salt, the soy sauce, the sugar and the quzi sauce. The use of chili was unheard-of, and there was hardly any dish cooked with oil. It is said that the most of liquor was brewed, with a low alcohol content. The grape wine had appeared. This part shows figurines representing breast feeders and cooks as well as unearthed articles shedding light on what aristocratic banquets looked like.
三国时期的茶
Tea in the Three Kingdoms Period
在中国历代王朝都承认的各个朝代历史书的正史中，最早介绍“茶”这一饮料的是《三国志》。据说，吴国的孙皓曾在宴会上强迫家臣喝七升酒，但韦曜（韦昭）这个人受到特别优待，有时可以在中途以茶代酒。汉代从西南地区慢慢流行起来的茶叶从这个时期起不再被作为药物使用，而是逐渐发展成为日常饮料。在吉川英治编写的《三国志》开头部分，曾有一幕是刘备为母亲买茶的场景，但现在北京城附近并没有那样的船舶出没过，而且从当时的情况看，很难想象百姓能得到茶叶。
Of all the 'authorized histories' acknowledged by all the dynasties, The History of the Three Kingdoms was the first one to describe the tea as a beverage. It is said that Sun Hao of the Kingdom of Wu once forced each of his retainers to drink seven sheng of liquor at a banquet, with the exception of Wei Zhao, who was allowed to drink tea instead halfway into the binge. The tea, which spread from the southwest during the Han Dynasty, came to be considered an everyday beverage instead of a drug. The beginning of The History of Three Kingdoms compiled by Yosikawa Eiji includes a scene in which Liu Bei buys tea for his mother. However, no such boat as described in the book has ever been unearthed in the vicinity of Beijing, and it is hard to imagine that tea should be available to common people at that time.
服装――时装
Clothing: the fashion
当时的女性也像现代的我们一样追求时髦。据说，当时的贵族女性梳着奇特的发型，带着闪闪发亮的发簪。她们上身穿着上下相连的上衣或者衣袖宽松的上衣，下身穿长长的裙子和裙裤。该部分除展示已出土的当时人们使用的镜子、手镯和发簪外，还将展示带扣和鞋子等出土品。
Like us, women of that time were keen on fashion. It is said that noble women wore peculiar hairdos and glittering hairpins. Each of them would wear a broad-sleeved coat or one connected to her long skirt or split skirt. This part shows unearthed mirrors, bracelets and hairpins which belonged to people of that time as well as unearthed belt hooks, shoes and so on.
娱乐――音乐、艺术
Entertainment: music and arts
与三国时期的音乐密切相关的是汉诗。汉诗一开始是被作为歌词来创作，然后合着音乐吟诵的。据说宴会席上还有舞伎伴着音乐跳舞，有丑角击鼓而歌，还有艺人表演杂技和曲艺。该部分将展示再现宴会的西洋景、演奏乐器和唱歌的偶人等说明宴会情景的出土品。
Han poetry was closely related to music of the Three Kingdoms Period. At first Han poems were composed as lyrics and chanted to music. Those attending a banquet would be entertained by women dancing to music, clowns singing while playing drums, acrobats, and folk artists singing ballads or telling stories. This part features a peep show reproducing the scene of a banquet as well as unearthed instruments and singer figurines suggesting what it looked like.
祈愿――祭祀、道教和佛教
Praying: sacrifice, Taoism and Buddhism
三国时期的民众面对接连不断的战争，开始将希望寄托在宗教身上。儒教方面，后汉末年的郑玄将各种经学进行了融合。另外，这个时期还出现了将道家和儒家相结合的玄学，竹林七贤的清谈开始流行。此外，那些不满足于儒教的人们成为了发动黄巾起义的太平道和五斗米道等道教源流教团的信徒。虽然历史书中没有记载，但好像作为外来宗教的佛教也开始从西部和南部传入，尤其在魏国和吴国的都城非常普及。该部分将展示记载道教和佛教影响的作品以及说明人们祭祀场面的出土品。
Faced with continual wars, people of the Three Kingdoms Period began to pin their hopes on religion. In Confucianism, Zheng Xuan of the late Eastern Han Dynasty amalgamated schools of the study of Confucian classics. There also appeared a form of metaphysics that combined Taoism and Confucianism, and 'pure talk' (qingtan), such as that practiced by 'the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove', became popular. Besides, those discontented with Confucianism became followers of religious groups that were origins of Taoism, such as the Taipingdao and the Five Pecks of Rice, which started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Despite the absence of records in history books, it seems that Buddhism had begun to be introduced into China as a foreign faith from the west and the south, and that it was widespread in the capitals of Wei and Wu. This part shows works recording the influence of Taoism and Buddhism as well as unearthed articles suggesting what a sacrificial occasion looked like.
《魏志倭人传》的世界
The world of 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'
日本历史教科书中最先登场的人物是卑弥呼，记载卑弥呼的历史书有《魏志倭人传》等。《魏志倭人传》是俗称，正式称谓是《三国志•魏书•东夷传•倭人条》，也就是说是《三国志》的一部分。本来卑弥呼派遣的使者之所以能够到达魏都洛阳是因为司马懿消灭了位于辽东的公孙政权，而实际上司马懿能够远征辽东是因为孔明在五丈原病死，蜀国已构不成威胁。这样看来，日本从卑弥呼时期就与东亚局势有着密切的联系。该部分将展示与中国三国时期的倭国和《魏志倭人传》有关的物品。
The first figure to appear in a Japanese history textbook is Himiko, whose description is found in such historical records as 'the Wo people in the History of Wei', the informal title of the entry of the Wo People in 'the Eastern Barbarians' in 'Book of Wei' in The History of the Three Kingdoms. i.e. a part of that book. The reason why the envoy sent by Himiko could reach Luoyang, the capital of Wei, is that Sima Yi had overthrown the Gongsun Regime in Liaodong, and Sima Yi's expedition against Liaodong was possible because the Kingdom of Shu posed no threat anymore after Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Thus, Japan has been closely related to the situation in East Asia since the era of Himiko. This part shows articles related to the Kingdom of Wo during China's Three Kingdoms Period and 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'.
（此处为三国志年表位置――此句不译）
星落秋风五丈原Ⅰ
Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan (1)
镇守荆州的关羽攻打曹操，曹操害怕关羽，于是与孙权联手夹击，最后，关羽被孙权手下擒获并杀害。后来，曹操因畏惧关羽的亡灵而死亡。继承曹操事业的曹丕接受后汉皇帝的让位成为皇帝，建立了魏国。此时，刘备听说后汉皇帝被杀害，便自己也当上了皇帝，但他不顾周围人反对坚持攻打吴国来为关羽报仇。然而，张飞被部下杀害，蜀军也在夷陵大败。病倒后的刘备给诸葛亮（孔明）留下 “若嗣不才,君可自取”的遗言后病逝。孔明为报答刘备的信任，决心效忠刘禅，为光复汉室战斗到底。孔明向不服蜀国的南蛮进军，七擒七纵孟获，采用“攻心”战略，最终使孟获臣服。
Guan Yu, who guarded Jingzhou, launched an attack against Cao Cao. Fearing the valiant warrior, Cao Cao joined hands with Sun Quan in the counterattack. Finally, Sun's men captured Guan Yu and killed him. Later, Cao Cao died of the fear of Guan Yu's ghost. Cao Pi, who inherited Cao Cao's career, took over the throne from the abdicating Eastern Han emperor and founded the Wei Dynasty. Learning that the Han emperor had been killed, Liu Bei declared himself emperor. Despite protests, he insisted on attacking the Kingdom of Wu to avenge Guan Yu. However, Zhang Fei was killed by one of his men and the Shu troops suffered a crushing defeat in Yiling. Liu Bei fell ill and died after giving Zhuge Liang the privilege to take over the throne in the event that his son Liu Chan turned out to be an incompetent emperor. In return for his master's trust, Zhuge Liang was revolved to be loyal to Liu Chan and to fight till his death for the recovery of the Han Dynasty. He mounted an expedition against the southern barbarians who refused to submit to the Kingdom of Shu, bringing their leader Meng Huo to his knees by capturing and releasing him for seven times.
星落秋风五丈原Ⅱ
Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan (2)
平定南蛮后，诸葛亮（孔明）向刘禅献上“出师表”，为消灭魏国开始北伐。蜀军顺利地向魏国领土推进。在街亭防堵魏国援军时，孔明将该任务交给马谡，但马谡无视孔明的命令，在山上布阵，结果被司马懿切断水路大败而归。孔明自身也依靠“空城计”勉强逃过一劫。第一次北伐以失败而告终。孔明虽然比较器重马谡，但还是按军法将其处死（“孔明挥泪斩马谡”）。后来，孔明又几次出击，显示了高超的策略，但由于被自己人拖累，而未能成功。公元234年，孔明与吴国约定共同作战，出击五丈原，与魏国司马懿继续对立。然而，好歹出击的吴国见势不妙随即撤退。得知这一消息的孔明卒然病倒。在姜维的劝说下，孔明点上了北斗七星灯，祈求延命，然而由于魏延的闯入，致使延命灯熄灭。结果，孔明死于五丈原。在撤退时，蜀军利用孔明的木像吓跑了来袭的魏军。（“死诸葛能走生仲达”）。
Having subjugated the southern barbarians, Zhuge Liang submitted a memorial to Liu Chan and mounted a northern expedition against the Kingdom of Wei. The Shu troops met with little effective resistance as they marched towards Wei's territory. At Jieting, Zhuge Liang assigned the mission of blocking the way of the reinforcement from Wei to Ma Su, who, ignoring the orders, embattled on a hill, only to suffer a crushing defeat after Sima Yi cut off the waterway. The situation was so critical that Zhuge Liang himself barely cheated death with a subterfuge. The first northern expedition was a failure. Much as he thought of Ma Su, Zhuge Liang sentenced him to military execution (the story is told under the title 'with Tears in His Eyes Kongming had Ma Su Executed' in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Later, Zhuge Liang launched more attacks, showing exceptional skills as a strategist, but to no avail because of the incompetence of his subordinates. In AD 234, he made a pact with Wu to fight a joint battle in Wuzhangyuan against Sima Yi of Wei. However, Wu, which had barely agreed to the adventure, retreated as soon as it saw that the situation was not in its favor. Hearing the news, Zhuge Liang fell ill. He was persuaded by Jiang Wei to light the Big Dipper lantern for a new lease of life. Unfortunately, Wei Yan barged in and caused the lantern to go out, and he died in Wuzhangyuan. The retreating Shu troops scared the Wei troops away with a wooden image of Zhuge Liang ('the Dead Zhuge Liang Repelled the Live Sima Yi').
五丈原之战
The Battle of Wuzhangyuan
五丈原是秦岭山脉向北凸出的一片高原，北临渭水，东临武功水。宽度最狭窄的地方约为五丈（约12m），故由此得名。诸葛亮在五丈原的高原上布好阵势，但司马懿却认为孔明在五丈原布阵比向长安进发更对魏国有利。孔明向司马懿送去了妇女穿的服饰，挑衅说“是男人就该一决雌雄”，但司马懿听从了魏明帝曹叡命令拒绝出战。这期间，孔明病情恶化，于是向姜维传授兵书，指示撤退方法，并写下给皇帝的遗书、指定后继者后病逝。
Wuzhangyuan was a plateau projecting northward in the Qinling Mountains, with the Wei River to the north and the Wugong River to the east. It was so named because its narrowest part was about five zhang (approximately twelve meters) wide. When Zhuge Liang embattled on the plateau, Sima Yi thought that it was more favorable to the Kingdom of Wei than if he had marched towards Chang'an. Zhuge Liang sent women's clothing to Sima Yi, challenging him to a decisive battle if he was a man. However, obeying Emperor Cao Rui's order, Sima Yi would not accept the challenge. During the time, Zhuge Liang grew more seriously ill. He bequeathed books on the art of war to Jiangwei and instructed him on the method of retreat. He died after he wrote his last memorial to the throne in which he designated his successor.
战斗――群雄的足迹
Fighting: the footprints of warlords
公元184年，以宗教结社的太平道等组织发动了黄巾起义。黄巾起义只持续了一年左右就被镇压，但在此之后，判乱接连发生，原本是政治、经济和文化中心的黄河中下游（中原）民生凋敝。后来董卓称霸，在此后的一片混乱中豪族们开始群雄割据，同时还出现了建筑要寨自卫的、以庄园为基础自给自足的贵族。另外，由于发生战乱，汉民族与西方、北方民族以及南方民族开始混杂在一起。这为日后五胡十六国时期的战乱埋下了伏笔。当时发生的重要战役有以下几个：公元200年奠定曹操霸权基础的官渡之战；公元208年曹操与孙（孙权）刘（刘备）联军展开决战的赤壁之战；公元234年诸葛亮（孔明）死亡那年发生的五丈原之战。特别是赤壁之战，眼看就要一统天下的曹操败给了孙权和刘备联军，从而导致出现了三分天下的局势，为三国时期拉开了序幕。该部分将通过展示从赤壁古战场出土的箭头等当时的武器和盔甲以及从后汉时期至西晋时期的坟墓中随葬的马俑和兵俑、楼阁等，来一起探寻剧烈动荡的战乱痕迹。
In AD 184, Taipingdao and other religious groups started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion, which lasted no more than a year before it was quelled. However, it was followed by continuous rebellions, which impoverished people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, or the Central Plains, which used to China's political, economic and cultural center. Dong Zhuo rose to seek hegemony. In the ensuing chaos, powerful warlords set up their own regimes, and this was accompanied by the appearance of aristocrats building fortresses for self-defense and living in self-contained manors. Moreover, the wars caused the Han Chinese to mingle with ethnic groups in the west, north and south, which foreshadowed the wars during the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarian Peoples. The major battles of the period are as follows: the Battle of Guandu in AD 200, which laid the foundation of Cao Cao's dominance; the Battle of Chibi (Red Cliffs) in 208, a decisive battle between Cao Cao and the joint troops of Sun Quan and Liu Bei; the Battle of Wuzhangyuan in 234, during which Zhuge Liang died. In particular, the Battle of Chibi, in which Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao, who seemed about to unify China, led to the tripartite division of China and marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms Period. This part aims to explore traces of the tumultuous era through the display of arrowheads, other weapons and armor unearthed at the ancient battlefield in Chibi as well as horse figurines, solider figurines and tower models found in tombs dating from between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.
剑―—武器
The sword and other weapons
三国时期是一个改良各种武器的时代。由于制铁技术发达，用来“刺”的剑、用来“砍”的刀以及同时兼具“砍”和“刺”两种功能的戟得到了改进，特别是刀和双戟得到了普及。据说，当时诸葛亮（孔明）把弩改良为连弩，还发明了马用的撒菱。该部分将展示在赤壁出土的箭头以及在中国各地出土的武器。
The Three Kingdoms Period saw the improvement of weapons. The well-developed iron smelting technology made it possible to improve the sword for stabbing, the broadsword for chopping, and the halberd for both stabbing and chopping. In particular, the use of the broadsword and the double halberds became widespread. It is said that Zhuge Liang (Kongming by courtesy name) devised the repeating crossbow on the basis of the crossbow and invented the spikes against horses. The part shows arrowheads unearthed in Chibi and weapons unearthed in other parts of China.
军备——骑马、士兵和要寨
Armaments for horses, soldiers and fortresses
当时的军队中，机动能力最强的要数骑兵。虽然数量不多，但骑兵可以在马上拉弓射箭，这个时期开始马身上也披上了铠甲。最大限度利用骑兵的人是曹操。另外，当时的城墙是采用筑土的版筑方式建成。用城墙围成的要寨被建成重要据点，城市本身也是城墙围成的要塞。该部分将展示当时骑马部队、要寨的情况、军船以及用来指南的“指南车”的模型。
The most mobile part of an army of that time was the cavalry. Despite their limited number, mounted soldiers could shoot arrows from horseback. Horses were also armored. The man who made the most use of the cavalry was Cao Cao. Besides, city walls were built with rammed earth, and fortresses enclosed by such walls, including the cities, were built as major strongholds. This part shows cavalries, fortresses and warships of that time and a model of a 'south-pointing carriage' serving as a compass.
诸葛亮（孔明）发明的兵器
Weapons invented by Zhuge Liang
为了弥补蜀国国力不足的状况，诸葛亮（孔明）开发了各种各样的兵器。蜀国远征魏国时遇到的最大难题是粮食运输问题。蜀军必须要通过一种被称作“栈道”（在悬崖上打桩后铺上木板修成的道路）的道路。孔明为解决这一问题，开发了即使在狭窄的栈道上也能灵活移动、依靠少量人力就能大量运输的、被称作“木牛流马”的运输车。另外，孔明还对古时的弩进行改良，将其改良成为能够连续发射的连弩。
To compensate for the deficient power of Shu, Zhuge Liang invented a variety of weapons. The greatest problems facing Shu during his expedition against Wei was the transport of rations, for the Shu army had to pass through zhandao, roads consisting of planks laid on stakes driven into the sides of cliffs. To solve the problem, Zhuge Liang invented a special type of vehicle that could move easily on narrow plank roads and that enabled the transport of large quantities by a relatively small number of men. Besides, he devised the repeating crossbow on the basis on the traditional crossbow.
治国―政治・经济―
Government: Politics and Economy
《三国志》的时代是一个“华丽而黑暗的时代”。寒冷的气候、不断的战乱、以及由此导致的生产力的低下、董卓的暴政导致的货币经济的崩溃、战争优先的国家体制，这些都严重影响了人们的生活。在这样的危机中，三个国家都建立新的制度并尝试制造货币，在一定程度上促进了经济发展。同时，各国还与外国开展了往来。另外，在长江流域，吴国在孙权的领导下，通过开发，使农业和商业得到了发展。该部分将展示已出土的三国时期执政者的贵族生活用品、反映当时政治经济活动的木简、印章和货币等出土文物以及一些与农业生产活动有关的随葬品等。
The Three Kingdoms Period was an era of both splendor and darkness. The cold climate, continual wars and the consequent low productivity, the collapse of monetary economy caused by the tyranny of Dong Zhuo, and the war-oriented government--all these had a tremendous impact on people's lives. During the crisis, all the three kingdoms established new systems and tried making currencies, their efforts boosting economy to some degree. The kingdoms also traded with foreign countries. In the Yangtze River Valley, under the leadership by Sun Quan, the Kingdom of Wu developed agriculture and commerce. This part shows unearthed aristocrats' articles of everyday use during the period, inscribed wooden slips, seals and money reflecting economic activities, and buried articles related to agricultural production.
执政者―与曹家有关的物品
The ruler: articles related with the Caos
1974年，考古人员在安徽省亳县发现了曹操祖先的坟墓。由于墓中发现了只允许诸侯和高官穿戴的银缕玉衣，所以考古人员猜测其中有位居高官的曹操祖父曹腾以及父亲曹嵩的坟墓。该部分将展示出土的银缕玉衣，还有从曹操修建的铜雀台遗址、曹丕举行接受后汉皇帝让位仪式的受禅台遗址出土的文物以及曹操书法的拓本等。
In 1974, archeologists discovered the tomb of an ancestor of Cao Cao in Baoxian, Anhui. The discovery of a jade burial suit sewn with silver wires, the use of which was confined to a feudal lord or a senior official, led to the guess that the tomb was occupied by Cao Cao's grandfather Cao Teng, a senior official, and his father Cao Song. This part shows the unearthed jade suit, relics unearthed at the site of the Bronze Bird Terrace built by Cao Cao and the site of the terrace where Cao Pi took over the throne from the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and rubbings of Cao Cao's calligraphy.
话题―执政者曹操
Topic: Cao Cao as a ruler
在《三国演义》中，曹操是刘备的敌人这个角色，但他同时也是一个非常具有改革精神的政治家。比如，为确保兵粮，曹操实行“屯田制”，把土地租给难民和士兵耕种。一般认为，这一制度导致后来出现了“均田制”（日本称之为“班田收授法”）。另外，曹操还实行了“户调制”，以实物而不是以货币交租税，以户而不是以个人为单位征税。据说，这是日本后来引进的“租庸调制”的原形。另外，曹操还“唯才是举”，向社会发出了“求贤令”。
In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, besides being an enemy of Liu Bei, Cao Cao is also a statesman with a readiness for reform. For instance, to ensure the supply of military rations, he implemented a system in which land was leased to refugees and soldiers for cultivation. It is generally believed that the system led to the appearance of the system of land equalization. He implemented another system in which taxes were paid with goods rather than currencies and levied on households instead of individuals. This is said to be the prototype of the Tax-Labor-Substitution System, which was later introduced to Japan. Besides, believing in meritocracy, Cao Cao issued 'edicts of seeking wise men'.
庄园――贵族的生活
Manors: life of the aristocracy
庄园是贵族与豪族的私人领地。由于当时气候反常且连年战乱，商业和农业衰落，贵族和豪族趁机将没落农民的土地收入庄园，并不断扩大规模。由于社会动荡不安，贵族和豪族们减少了与外部的交易，在庄园内构建了自给自足的体制，同时为了保卫庄园，他们将自己的宅邸变成要塞，大一些的庄园开始发展成为一个小的王国。该部分将展示可以了解庄园贵族生活的随葬品。
Manors were private estates of aristocrats or families of distinction. The abnormal climate and continual wars led to the decline of commerce and agriculture. Aristocrats and powerful families incorporated lands of down-and-out farmers into their manors and continually expanded them. Due to social unrest, they traded less with the outside and built their manors into self-contained communities. In addition, for defense, they turned their houses into fortresses, and a large manor might develop into a small kingdom. This part shows buried articles shedding light on the life of aristocrats in manors.
朱然（义封）
Zhu Ran (Yifeng by courtesy name)
丹阳郡故鄣县人。朱治的外甥，朱治的养子。公元219年参与讨伐关羽，并擒获关羽。夷陵之战中，他打败了刘备的前锋。后来，魏军攻打吴国，他镇守的江陵被围困半年以上，最后在他的死守之下，击退敌军，朱然从此名震敌国。《三国演义》中说朱然是在追击刘备时被前来援救的赵云所杀，这并非史实。朱然后来仍然在江陵效力吴国。卒于公元249年（68岁）。
Zhu Ran was a native of Zhang County in Danyang Prefecture. He was the nephew and foster son of Zhu Zhi. In AD 219, he participated in the expedition against Guan Yu and captured his enemy. In the Battle of Yiling, he defeated Liu Bei's vanguard. Later, Wei troops attacking Wu besieged Jiangling, a city he was guarding, for over six months. Finally he repelled the enemy and became well-known in Wei. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms says that he was killed by Zhao Yun during his pursuit of Liu Bei, but that is not true. In fact, he continued to serve Wu in Jiangling until his death in AD 249 at the age of sixty-eight.
政――文字和印章
Administration: writing and seals
三国时期与现代一样，统治者也是用文件传达命令。文件写在竹简和木简上面，逐渐也开始使用纸张。这一变化引发了一场书体革命，书法作为一门艺术诞生出来。另外，为了给文件和书信封印而制作的印章上面，刻着地位和官职，成为命令的证明。该部分将展示三国时期使用的印章、木简和石刻等与文字有关的东西。
Like the modern times, the Three Kingdoms Period saw rulers using documents to send orders. Documents were written on bamboo or wooden slips, which gradually gave way to paper. The change brought about a calligraphic revolution that led to the birth of calligraphy as an art form. Besides, stamps for sealing documents and letters were inscribed with social positions and official ranks to vouch for the veracity of orders. This part shows seals, wooden slips and stone carvings, all related to writing, of the period.
商――货币和贸易
Commerce: currencies and trade
三国时期，各国为提高本国经济实力，都大力发展国内商业和对外贸易。特别是魏国，据说还通过丝绸之路逐步与西域国家发展贸易。另外，各国还开始铸造因董卓暴政而不再使用的货币，但好像当时三个国家中流通到国外的货币只有蜀国的货币。该部分将展示当时通过对外贸易得到的物品和货币等出土品。
In the Three Kingdoms Period, to boost their economic power, all the kingdoms vigorously developed domestic commerce and foreign trade. The Kingdom of Wei, in particular, is said to have gradually developed trade with countries in the Western Regions via the Silk Road. Besides, the kingdoms began to make currencies, which had fallen into disuse due to Dong Zhuo's tyranny. However, it seems that only currencies of Shu ever made their way out of the confines of the kingdom that made them. This part shows unearthed goods and currencies obtained through foreign trade.
生产――农耕、畜牧
Production: agriculture and animal husbandry
后汉末年至三国时期的这段时期里，战乱不断，人们生活无法安定，农耕、畜牧生产也随之荒废下来。不过，由于群雄集中在三个国家，豪族和贵族也在自己的庄园内勤于经营，所以农耕和畜牧业也得到慢慢恢复。该部分将展示描述当时农耕畜牧生产情况的出土品。
The time between the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period was marked by continual wars that disrupted people's lives and caused the neglect of agriculture and animal husbandry. However, they were gradually restored thanks to the fact that most of the warlords were in the three kingdoms and the industry that powerful families and aristocrats applied to their manors. This part shows unearthed articles reflecting agriculture and animal husbandry of that time.
生活――生活、文化
Life and culture
三国时期在文化方面也是一个大变革时期。在曹操宫廷内部盛行的“建安文学”对后世产生了很大影响，特别是曹植被认为是“杜甫之前水平最高的诗人”。另外，对于百姓而言，在悲惨的战乱年代，儒教也遭遇了变革风潮，很多人开始借宗教来寻求心灵的拯救，于是道教和佛教开始传播起来。此外，不管哪个时代，民众的生活都依然延续。该部分将通过出土品来探寻三国时期生活文化等方方面面。
The Three Kingdoms Period also saw a great cultural revolution. The Jian'an School popular at Cao Cao's court had a great impact on literature. Cao Zhi, in particular, is considered 'the greatest poet before Du Fu'. For the common people, wartime misery brought about a reform of Confucianism. Taoism and Buddhism were disseminated as many people sought salvation of the soul in religion. In addition to these was the continuation of common people's lives regardless of the times. This part aims to explore aspects of life and culture of the period through unearthed articles.
饮食―三国时期的饮食文化
Food culture in the Three Kingdoms Period
这个时代的饮食文化与现在的中餐有很大不同。当时，南方的主食是稻米，北方的主食是小麦、黍子等谷类和豆类，宴会上最丰盛的菜是牛肉汤，调料包括盐、酱油、糖和曲子酱等，辣椒还没有出现，还几乎没有用油做的菜。据说当时的酒大多是酿造酒，酒精度很低。另外葡萄酒当时也已经出现。该部分将展示做成偶人的哺乳者和厨师，以及可以了解贵族宴会情形的出土品。
The food culture of that period differs much from the modern Chinese food. The staple in the south was the rice, and the staples in the north were beans and such cereals as the wheat and the millet. The most sumptuous dish of a banquet was the beef broth. The seasonings included the salt, the soy sauce, the sugar and the quiz sauce. The use of chili was unheard-of, and there was hardly any dish cooked with oil. It is said that the most of liquor was brewed, with a low alcohol content. The grape wine had appeared. This part shows figurines representing breast feeders and cooks as well as unearthed articles shedding light on what aristocratic banquets looked like.
三国时期的茶
Tea in the Three Kingdoms Period
在中国历代王朝都承认的各个朝代历史书的正史中，最早介绍“茶”这一饮料的是《三国志》。据说，吴国的孙皓曾在宴会上强迫家臣喝七升酒，但韦曜（韦昭）这个人受到特别优待，有时可以在中途以茶代酒。汉代从西南地区慢慢流行起来的茶叶从这个时期起不再被作为药物使用，而是逐渐发展成为日常饮料。在吉川英治编写的《三国志》开头部分，曾有一幕是刘备为母亲买茶的场景，但现在北京城附近并没有那样的船舶出没过，而且从当时的情况看，很难想象百姓能得到茶叶。
Of all the 'authorized histories' acknowledged by all the dynasties, The History of the Three Kingdoms was the first one to describe the tea as a beverage. It is said that Sun Hao of the Kingdom of Wu once forced each of his retainers to drink seven sheng of liquor at a banquet, with the exception of Wei Zhao, who was allowed to drink tea instead halfway into the binge. The tea, which spread from the southwest during the Han Dynasty, came to be considered an everyday beverage instead of a drug. The beginning of The History of Three Kingdoms compiled by Yosikawa Eiji includes a scene in which Liu Bei buys tea for his mother. However, no such boat as described in the book has ever been unearthed in the vicinity of Beijing, and it is hard to imagine that tea should be available to common people at that time.
服装――时装
Clothing: the fashion
当时的女性也像现代的我们一样追求时髦。据说，当时的贵族女性梳着奇特的发型，带着闪闪发亮的发簪。她们上身穿着上下相连的上衣或者衣袖宽松的上衣，下身穿长长的裙子和裙裤。该部分除展示已出土的当时人们使用的镜子、手镯和发簪外，还将展示带扣和鞋子等出土品。
Like us, women of that time were keen on fashion. It is said that noble women wore peculiar hairdos and glittering hairpins. Each of them would wear a broad-sleeved coat or one connected to her long skirt or split skirt. This part shows unearthed mirrors, bracelets and hairpins which belonged to people of that time as well as unearthed belt hooks, shoes and so on.
娱乐――音乐、艺术
Entertainment: music and arts
与三国时期的音乐密切相关的是汉诗。汉诗一开始是被作为歌词来创作，然后合着音乐吟诵的。据说宴会席上还有舞伎伴着音乐跳舞，有丑角击鼓而歌，还有艺人表演杂技和曲艺。该部分将展示再现宴会的西洋景、演奏乐器和唱歌的偶人等说明宴会情景的出土品。
Han poetry was closely related to music of the Three Kingdoms Period. At first Han poems were composed as lyrics and chanted to music. Those attending a banquet would be entertained by women dancing to music, clowns singing while playing drums, acrobats, and folk artists singing ballads or telling stories. This part features a peep show reproducing the scene of a banquet as well as unearthed instruments and singer figurines suggesting what it looked like.
祈愿――祭祀、道教和佛教
Praying: sacrifice, Taoism and Buddhism
三国时期的民众面对接连不断的战争，开始将希望寄托在宗教身上。儒教方面，后汉末年的郑玄将各种经学进行了融合。另外，这个时期还出现了将道家和儒家相结合的玄学，竹林七贤的清谈开始流行。此外，那些不满足于儒教的人们成为了发动黄巾起义的太平道和五斗米道等道教源流教团的信徒。虽然历史书中没有记载，但好像作为外来宗教的佛教也开始从西部和南部传入，尤其在魏国和吴国的都城非常普及。该部分将展示记载道教和佛教影响的作品以及说明人们祭祀场面的出土品。
Faced with continual wars, people of the Three Kingdoms Period began to pin their hopes on religion. In Confucianism, Zheng Xuan of the late Eastern Han Dynasty amalgamated schools of the study of Confucian classics. There also appeared a form of metaphysics that combined Taoism and Confucianism, and 'pure talk' (qingtan), such as that practiced by 'the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove', became popular. Besides, those discontented with Confucianism became followers of religious groups that were origins of Taoism, such as the Taipingdao and the Five Pecks of Rice, which started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Despite the absence of records in history books, it seems that Buddhism had begun to be introduced into China as a foreign faith from the west and the south, and that it was widespread in the capitals of Wei and Wu. This part shows works recording the influence of Taoism and Buddhism as well as unearthed articles suggesting what a sacrificial occasion looked like.
《魏志倭人传》的世界
The world of 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'
日本历史教科书中最先登场的人物是卑弥呼，记载卑弥呼的历史书有《魏志倭人传》等。《魏志倭人传》是俗称，正式称谓是《三国志•魏书•东夷传•倭人条》，也就是说是《三国志》的一部分。本来卑弥呼派遣的使者之所以能够到达魏都洛阳是因为司马懿消灭了位于辽东的公孙政权，而实际上司马懿能够远征辽东是因为孔明在五丈原病死，蜀国已构不成威胁。这样看来，日本从卑弥呼时期就与东亚局势有着密切的联系。该部分将展示与中国三国时期的倭国和《魏志倭人传》有关的物品。
The first figure to appear in a Japanese history textbook is Himiko, whose description is found in such historical records as 'the Wo people in the History of Wei', the informal title of the entry of the Wo People in 'the Eastern Barbarians' in 'Book of Wei' in The History of the Three Kingdoms. i.e. a part of that book. The reason why the envoy sent by Himiko could reach Luoyang, the capital of Wei, is that Sima Yi had overthrown the Gongsun Regime in Liaodong, and Sima Yi's expedition against Liaodong was possible because the Kingdom of Shu posed no threat anymore after Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Thus, Japan has been closely related to the situation in East Asia since the era of Himiko. This part shows articles related to the Kingdom of Wo during China's Three Kingdoms Period and 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'.
【发布时间】2014-01-10 【信息来源】管理员 【浏览点击】2479次
